综合类B级基础语法班第1讲讲义
语法学习(一)


语法学习:一般现在时和现在进行时

In 2000, Dr Ballard went to the Black Sea. But he didn’t want to find a ship. ‘We explored an area in the Black Sea,’ he says. ‘Thousands of years ago,there was land where there is water today. We found what we think is a site of human habitation down there. It may be 7,000 or 8,000 years old, and it was 100 metres under the sea.’ Dr Ballard and his team are looking for more things in the site, to find out about the people who lived there.

Dr Ballard is now working on another idea – the world’s first underwater museum. ‘There is more history down there in the sea than in all the museums of the world,’ says Ballard. ‘Imagine a ship at the bottom of the sea. We can put cameras everywhere on that ship, and people all over  the world can see the pictures on the Internet.’

 

Look at the examples. Then complete the rule.

Dr Ballard uses a small submarine to explore the bottom of the sea.

Dr Ballard is now working on another idea.

Rule:

Use the present _________for permanent situations and routines.

Use the present _____ to talk about actions  happening now, or around now.

 

Dr Robert Ballard _looks_ (look) for things under the sea. But he 1 doesn’t go (not go) down himself – he 2 uses (use) a small submarine. It has a camera that sends (send) back pictures of the bottom of the sea. At the moment, Dr Ballard 4  isn’t looking (not look) for a ship – he 5 is  exploring (explore) the settlements in the Black Sea. He 6 is also working (work) on an idea for an underwater museum.

1 Where is Dr Ballard from ?

He’s from America.

2 What does Dr Ballard do ?

He is a scientist and explorer. He explores the bottom of the sea.

3 What does he find there?

He finds shipwrecks and ancient settlements.

4 What does he use ?

He uses a small submarine.

5 What does it do ?

It sends live pictures of the bottom of the sea to Dr Ballard.

6 Is he looking for shipwrecks?

No, he isn’t. He’s looking for settlements.

7 What is he working on at the moment ?

He’s working on an idea for a museum.

 

KEVIN HAYES is 28 years old. He lives in New York . Kevin loves sport, and he has a dangerous hobby; he climbs waterfalls! How is this possible? The answer is easy. He doesnt climb in summer, but he climbs in Winter, when everything is frozen. At the moment, Kevin is making plans for his next climb. He is planning  a trip to the Canadian Rockies next January. He wants to climb a big waterfall  there.

Kevin has to be very fit for his hobby, and he is doing a lot of exercise this month. Every day, he runs for an hour, and he goes to the gym. Many people think Kevin is crazy. Maybe I am, he says. But I just love it!

 

语法学习:过去进行时和一般过去时

Past continuous

Percy Shaw was driving home at night …

…people were having dinner …

 

Rule:

Use the past continuous to talk about actions in progress at a certain time in the past.

1 Marco was listening to the music.

2 Hugo and Anna were dancing together.

3 Kemal on the was sitting sofa.

4 Marco and Kemal were drinking fruit juice.

5 Luisa was talking on her mobile .

 

1   A: Where  were you going (you/go) when I saw you this morning?

    B: I was running (run) to my friends house. I was late and she  was waiting  (wait) for me.

2   A: What were you doing (you/do) when I phoned you?

    B: I was watching (watch) TV.

3   A: Were your parents living (your parents /live) in Italy when  you were born?

    B: No, they were living (live) in London. My father was working  (work) for the Italian Embassy.

4   A: Was your sister dancing (your sister /dance) with Maria at the party last night?

    B: Yes, she was. They were dancing  (dance) all night.

5   A: Who   were you playing  (you/play) tennis with yesterday?

    B: I  was playing (play) with Paolo. Hes very good!

 

THE BOY IN THE CAVE

One day, I was going for a walk in a forest.I was walking through the trees, when suddenly I found a cave. It looked very dark inside. I wasn’t sure if I should go in or not. While I was thinking,I heard a noise in the cave. There was somebody

inside! I went into the cave and I saw a small boy.He was sitting on the floor and he was crying. I took his hand and we went outside …

 

Grammar

Past continuous vs. past simple

I was walking through the trees, when suddenly I found a cave.

 

I was walking through the trees,

                I found a cave.

Rule:

  Use the past continuous for a background action or description.

  Use the past simple for an action that   happened at one particular moment.

 

1 While we were walking (walk), he started (start) to cry again.

2 We were getting (get) close to the town, when suddenly the boy stopped (stop).

3 The boy wasn’t (not be) there, but a small white dog was sitting (sit) on the ground. 

 

When and while I was walking through the trees when suddenly I found a cave.

While I was thinking, I heard a noise inside the cave.

Rule:

We often use when with the past simple and while with the past continuous.

1 I was writing (write) an email. The phone (ring).

2 Harry rang (run) to school.

  He fell (fall) and hurt his leg.

3 Alex and Sue were playing (play) tennis.

  Lucy arrived (arrive).

4 Antonio was having  (have) breakfast.

  He had (have) a great idea.

5 Carlo was talking (talk) on the phone. His  father went  (go) out.

 

I was writing an email when the phone rang.

While I was writing an email, the phone rang.

Harry was running to school when he fell and hurt his leg.

While Harry was running to school, he fell and hurt his leg.

Alex and Sue were playing tennis when Lucy arrived. 

While Alex and Sue were paying tennis, Lucy arrived.

 

Antonio was having breakfast when he got a great idea. 

While he was having breakfast, Antonio got a great idea.

Carlo was talking on the phone when his father went out.

While Carlo was talking on the phone, his father went out.

 

Sarah invented ‘camoculars’ –binoculars and a camera together. She was one of thousands of young people who sent their ideas to Amazon.com, the web company that organised the competition for young inventors.

Sarah was at a concert when she thought of her invention. ‘I was sitting a long way from the stage and I was watching the band through my binoculars.

While I was watching, I thought, “I’d love to be able to take a picture of this!” Then I got an idea. Why not have binoculars with a camera inside them?’

When she got home, she took some plastic binoculars and a cheap camera and put them together. Her sister was watching her and told her about the competition.

So Sarah sent her idea to Amazon.com and two months later, she got a surprise. Amazon.com phoned to say that she was a winner. They didn’t give her the top prize in the competition, but she won $1,000 and a trip to New York.

People are already asking Sarah what she is going to invent next. ‘I don’t know,’ says Sarah. If you just sit there and think, you won’t invent anything, because you get ideas at strange moments. The only thing I can do is keep my eyes and ears open!’